One of the most challenging things in a game could be being under enormous attack right from the opening. We will have to spend so much time and energy defending accurately. By the time we reach a safe and comfortable position, if at all that happens, we do not have enough energy left for the rest of the game, increasing chances for other mistakes. This is a common problem, particularly against well-prepared opponents. Today, we will look at how to sacrifice material to develop initiative.

Initiative - attack on the king:

Here is what is essential:

How to put the enemy king in a mating net
Provoking weaknesses in front of a king
Pawn storming the enemy king
Attacking the castled king
Advanced checkmating patterns

Hanging pawns:

The possessor of hanging pawns has a significant influence over the center due to his control over e5, d5, and c5 (e4, d4, c4) squares, so more space. There are two significant plans at his
disposal. The first one consists in advancing his “d” pawn. This advance is connected with a direct attack over the king sustained by the creation of a powerful passed pawn.
Advancing this pawn can disturb the opponent’s piece coordination in their attempt to stop it, so the chances of succeeding in a kingside attack are greater. The second one consists of advancing the “c” pawn. This is connected either with the creation of a strong passed pawn or with the purpose of fixing the opponent's “b” pawn in order to attack it.
The side fighting against hanging pawns has his plans, too. He must attack the pawns, not allowing opponent pieces to take active places (they must protect the pawns). To change
some pieces is in his best interest. He also has two major undermining moves, either with the “e” pawn (more often) or the “b” pawn. Another possibility, but rare, is a global
undermining with both pawns. These undermining moves will create weak squares or pawns for the one who possesses the hanging pawns. He will lose his control over the center at the same time. The endgames are worse for the side that has hanging pawns. Due to the possibility of advancing either the “c” or “d” pawn and changing the position's character, we can say that endgames can be held quite easily.

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Weak squares-How to convert a positional advantage

A square on your side of the board is weak if there is some possibility for the opponent to control and eventually occupy it sooner or later during the game. The squares controlled by the pawns are stronger because, usually the opponent's pieces
cannot occupy them without material loss

- Double pawns Weakness or Strength?